10 Golden Tips To Pull Out Traffic From "Facebook Fan Page"

Social media has become the in-thing when it comes to marketing and getting traffic to your website/blog because it is about the easiest way to get to know people, befriend them and turn into your fans without really spending a lot of money to convert them into your regular visitors and eventually into buyers.

Several people are trooping to social media sites daily because the world is a social circle and everyone wants to belong: nobody wants to exist in isolation. New friends are made daily and people are identifying with those who are successful or influential just to share in their success stories.

Today different social media sites like Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Digg, Myspace, Del.icio.us, Reddit, Stumbleupon, Google Plus, Squidoo, etc. exist on the Internet; but facebook by far is the most popular and most used, with over 800 Million monthly users which are estimated to rise to 1 Billion users by August 2012. Any serious website owner must think of how to harness the advantage that the Facebook Fans Page provides for his business online.
This rare opportunity which is available to all users must be tapped and channeled into giving your website/blog quality backlink and then an increase in the number of daily, weekly or monthly visitors to your site. In order to benefit immensely from your Facebook Fans Page, you need to do the following:

1. Regular Update:

You must keep your fans page updated regularly so as to keep their interest and memory about you fresh at all times. Each time you update, your fans receive a message that your page has been updated and the next thing they are moved to do is to quickly pay a visit to see what you have there. You can do this yourself or get someone to do it for you if you are too busy.

2. Be friendly:

You must learn to be friendly and polite to your fans to keep them attracted to you always. It takes commitment, resources and time to come visit your page daily. So you must respect them for the commitment they are making for you.

3. Facebook Button:

You must have your Facebook Like button inserted on a conspicuous part of your blog or website so that anyone who visits could use the ‘Like’ button to like your page and also use the ‘Share’ button to share your content with friends.

4. Be Interactive:

You need also to interact regularly with your page and in doing so, make sure questions and concerns are promptly responded to. Nothing puts off a fan so easily than the feeling of being neglected.

5. Encourage Your fans:

They need to be encouraged to take certain actions which would be of help to you. Tell your fans to share your page with friends; they should invite others to join. This would make your page go viral and ensure more people know about you. They should also be told to visit your website to read your new content. Doing so would ensure the interaction does not just stop on Facebook, but that your site actually ends up benefiting.

6. Give them incentives:

They should enjoy some incentives for being there for you at all times. Facebook is a very distractive place where people can easily troop to the direction where things are happening; some are joining new groups, making new friends and even being lured with incentives to other pages. So provide something periodically as a way of appreciating them. This can be e-books, recharge cards, special bonuses, etc.

7. Your Link:

Include your Link in your posting regularly to enable your fans and new visitors easily navigate their way to your site/blog. Most times people are lazy to type site URL on their browser, so including it on your post can provide the URL for them to click on to get to your site to see your new content.

8. Avoid spamming:

You should avoid spamming at all cost. You must not disturb them unnecessarily with useless links. If you must provide them with links, the links should direct them to useful contents or highly informative, humorous or interesting websites.

9. Update your website:

Apart from keeping your Fans page updated, you should always keep your website updated so that your fans can find fresh content each time they visit. This will encourage them to keep visiting your site regularly.

10. Keep them busy:

Occasionally keep your fans busy and engaged when they come to your site. You can do this by setting up polls on important subjects and encourage them to participate in the polls. That would keep them longer and more engaged on your site.

If you do this, your fans are bound to love you the more and keep the relationship warm at all times. This eventually gives you an edge over your competitors and ensures that your popularity keeps soaring; and you eventually carry your fans over to your website/blog where they also rub on your site to give you an advantage on the Alexa page rank in the long run.

Apple Releases Security Updates for OS X

 Apple has released security updates for Apple OS X Lion 10.7 and Mac OS X Snow Leopard 10.6 to fix multiple vulnerabilities. These vulnerabilities could allow an attacker to execute arbitrary code, cause a denial-of-service condition, obtain sensitive information, and bypass security restrictions. The update is an amalgamation of recent security updates for several different components used by Apple (including Apache and PHP) along with fixes for Apple’s own code.

3rd Party

This release brings some of OS X’s third party components up to date including:
Apache: There are known attacks on the confidentiality of SSL 3.0 and TLS 1.0 when a cipher suite uses a block cipher in CBC mode. Apache disabled the ‘empty fragment’ countermeasure which prevented these attacks. This issue is addressed by providing a configuration parameter to control the countermeasure and enabling it by default.
PHP is updated to version 5.3.8 to address several vulnerabilities, the most serious of which may lead to arbitrary code execution. However, it is worth noting that PHP 5.3.10 has since been released to fix the hash table collisions problem that affected all the popular Web programming languages (including PHP, ASP.NET, Ruby and Python).
SquirrelMail is updated to version 1.4.22 to address several vulnerabilities, the most serious of which is a cross-site scripting issue. This issue does not affect OS X Lion systems.
Tomcat is updated to version 6.0.33 to address multiple vulnerabilities, the most serious of which may lead to the disclosure of sensitive information. Tomcat is only provided on Mac OS X Server systems.
X11: A memory corruption issue existed in FreeType’s handling of Type 1 fonts. This issue is addressed by updating FreeType to version 2.4.7.
The update also revokes the trust for root certificates issued by DigiCert Malaysia. Two certificate authorities in the list of trusted root certificates have independently issued intermediate certificates to DigiCert Malaysia. Back in November it was discovered that DigiCert Malaysia had issued certificates with weak keys that it was unable to revoke.

Apple

Apple components that are updated include:
Address Book supports Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) for accessing CardDAV. A downgrade issue caused Address Book to attempt an unencrypted connection if an encrypted connection failed. An attacker in a privileged network position could abuse this behavior to intercept CardDAV data. This issue is addressed by not downgrading to an unencrypted connection without user approval.
CoreAudio: Playing maliciously crafted audio content may lead to an unexpected application termination or arbitrary code execution. A buffer overflow existed in the handling of AAC encoded audio streams.
CoreMedia: A heap buffer overflow existed in CoreMedia’s handling of H.264 encoded movie files.
QuickTime has been updated to resolve several issues including:

• Opening a maliciously crafted MP4 encoded file may lead to an unexpected application termination or arbitrary code execution. An uninitialized memory access issue existed in the handling of MP4 encoded files.
• Viewing a maliciously crafted movie file may lead to an unexpected application termination or arbitrary code execution. A signedness issue existed in the handling of font tables embedded in QuickTime movie files.
• Viewing a maliciously crafted JPEG2000 image file may lead to an unexpected application termination or arbitrary code execution. A buffer overflow existed in the handling of JPEG2000 files.
• Processing a maliciously crafted PNG image may lead to an unexpected application termination or arbitrary code execution. A buffer overflow existed in the handling of PNG files.

Time Machine: The user may designate a remote AFP volume or Time Capsule to be used for Time Machine backups. Time Machine did not verify that the same device was being used for subsequent backup operations. An attacker who is able to spoof the remote volume could gain access to new backups created by the user’s system. This issue is addressed by verifying the unique identifier associated with a disk for backup operations.

Philips Electronics Website Hacked, 200,000 Records Stolen

One of the largest electronics companies in the world, Philips Electronics, has been hacked. According to The Hacker News, the hackers defaced a Philips subdomain and left their names “bch195″ and “HaxOr” claiming to be members of Team INTRA.
The hackers posted information on the security breach on pastebin which itself contained links to the site privatepaste.com. These links are samples of the personal information the hackers have stolen including names, email addresses, occupation, date of birth, phone number and postal address.

Also the hackers commented that “This is first 100 emails from 200k list.I don’t want to share more because i will sell it.”

According to V3 , Philips is aware of the incident and has taken action to minimise its impact. Philips is following its standard security incident response procedure and is collaborating with law enforcement.

“Within an hour Philips became aware of the event, the compromised server was shut down. We are assessing the nature and extent of information that may have been accessed and a full investigation is in place,” they said.

This attack is another in a long list of very public security breaches and if the hackers have been able to steal over 200,000 records with personal details including postal addresses and phone numbers it potentially means the hackers could have gained further access to other Philips servers.
It is interesting to note that the hackers defaced a subdomain and not the main site. Hackers like to target smaller websites (even within a larger corporation) as these are often less well protected. This is what happened to Sony Pictures in 2011 when hackers breached an old competition website.

How to Become a Web Developer

The Internet and the world wide web has been spun by busy web developers working hard to create beautiful interactive web pages. If you are looking for some tips on how to become a web developer, keep reading ahead. By the time you are through with reading this article, you'll know what it takes to become a web developer.

The beautifully structured web pages and applications that you use on the Internet are all made available by the design effort of some very creative web developers. Designing web pages and providing functionality through them is an art and if you are planning to join this art troupe, there are a lot of skills that you need to master before you start expressing yourself on the canvas of the world wide web. In this Buzzle article, I have shared some guidelines on how to become a web developer for beginners.

Who is a Web Developer?

The web page you see in front of your eyes is an example of the kind of work web developers engage in. Creating, publishing and maintaining aesthetically appealing web pages which provide desired functionality and interactive ability for the users worldwide, through client and server side coding, is the web developer's job. It's a field where the newest developments become part of history within a few months as better options are brought in. To be a web developer is to constantly learn new things and try out new things to create web pages that achieve the desired functionality. Let me share the absolute essentials that you need to become a web developer, in the following lines. Check out this article on web developer job description for more details.

How to Become a Web Developer?

Web developers can be broadly classified into two groups - client side web developers and server side web developers. A web page actually resides on a 'server' computer, where it is hosted and made available for viewing for people, 24x7. Whenever you type in the address of a web page in your web browser, a request is sent to the server, which then serves it to the client computer. The web browser reads the code from the server and renders it to display the web page. A client side programmer works on the client side rendering of the page on the web browser, while a server side programmer works on providing the server side functionality that makes availability and functionality of web pages possible. Here are the most important steps in training to become a web developer.

Master HTML & Web Designing
The Hypertext Markup Language is the most basic thing you need to learn to create a web page. It is the language which is understood by the web browser to display web content in a specific manner. You need to be fluent in writing HTML code to be able to create basic web pages. It's an extremely simple language to learn and you will surely enjoy working with it. There are plenty of online HTML tutorials and books to help you out. Later you may also dabble into XHTML and XML which are more advanced markup languages.

Learn CSS to Render Beautiful Web Pages
Cascaded style sheets (CSS) is a more specialized language used in rendering the formatting of the web page to create web pages with aesthetic beauty. CSS mastery is an essential part of the training course to become a web developer. CSS works with HTML, XHTML and XML to create elegant web pages.

Learn Javascript to Create Interactive Web Pages
All the functionality you see on web pages like handling of forms, online calculators, etc., is made possible by the use of Javascript, a scripting language exclusively developed to provide functionality in web pages. Learning Javascript is essential as it can be used to directly interact with the user.

Learn Server Side Scripting With PHP, ASP .Net & Java EE
Client side scripting can provide very limited functionality and to deliver special functionality like the one required for hosting a site offering email facility, you require server side scripting. To be able to do that, you have to master PHP, ASP.NET, and JavaEE or at least acquire expertise in any one of the four.

A mastery of Java and Java based server side technologies is essential. You will need to learn basic VBscript too, if you plan to do any serious server side scripting on the .NET platform. Learning to handle server software like Apache and server operating systems like Unix and Linux is also necessary, if you want to double up as a web administrator for the pages you create.

Learn to Handle Server Side Databases
If you want to have a thorough mastery over all aspects of web development, you need to learn SQL (Simple Query Language) and learn to use database management systems like MySQL that are used in web designing. You may also need to learn Oracle database administration in context of web technologies. You may also need to master advanced technologies like AJAX later as your preparation advances.

Get Certified For Web Technologies & Apply for a Job
As you must have realized by now, there is a lot that you need to learn, to even get the basics of web development. A degree in computer science, followed by certification in one of the advanced web technologies like ASP .Net or PHP will provide you with credentials that may help you gain a job in businesses specializing in web development. At least four to five years of experience in using and implementing various web technologies is needed, before you can even call yourself a web developer! Check out the web developer salary forecasts provided in this Buzzle article.

Now that you know the path which must be taken to become a web developer, start right now with the learning process and take your first step in learning HTML, then get a hang of Javascript, play around with both for a while before you go into serious server side scripting in PHP. Keep coding to create elegant web pages, that provide sublime functionality. Keep browsing the web and check out new experiments of master web developers, ponder upon the way in which they must have achieved the desired functionality and try to learn from them.

Keep updating your skill base with the newest developments like AJAX which can provide extreme power to create even better web pages. Keep experimenting, learning coding and spinning your new 'web' pages, to get better at it. Sooner or later as you get better at what you do, with experience, opportunities for employment and projects will walk towards you. Here's me wishing you with all the very best in becoming a web developer who will add more beautiful pages to the world wide web, that enrich its ever-increasing store of information and facilities. In the process, you will empower millions of Internet users with knowledge and means to stay connected with the world.

List of Programming Languages That I Know

Programming language is an artificial language that is used to write programs in order to control the behavior of a computer. What are the different types of programming languages? Go through this list of programming languages to find the answer.

Computer programming languages are used to write programs that define the behavior of a computer system. They are based on certain syntactic and semantic rules, which define the meaning of each of the programming language constructs. The syntactic and the semantic rules of every programming language define the language implementation. Programming languages provide the computer programmers with the means to express computer algorithms.

List of the Different Types of Computer Programming Languages

Interpreted Programming Languages
The programming languages that are implemented by means of an interpreter are known as interpreted languages. Interpreters execute the source code directly by translating the source code into an intermediate representation.

APL: It is an array programming language. It can work simultaneously on multiple arrays of data. It is interpretive, interactive and a functional programming language.

AutoIt: It is a freeware automation language for Microsoft Windows. It's main intent is to create automation scripts that can be used for the execution of certain repetitive tasks on Windows.

Basic: The name is short for Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. It was developed by John George Kemeny and Thomas Eugene Kurtz at Dartmouth in 1964. It was designed with intent of giving the non-science people an access to computers. It became popular in the 1970s and the 80s. Microsoft Visual Basic is based on Basic. Some dialects of BASIC are compiled computer languages.

Eiffel: It is an object-oriented programming language that is ISO-standardized and used to develop extensible and reusable software. It is a development platform for many industries such as finance, aerospace and video gaming. Sather is a computer programming language that was formerly based on Eiffel and has now evolved to include many functional programming features. Ubercode is a high-level platform-sharing language. Its design is derived from Eiffel and BASIC.

Forth: It is a structured imperative programming language, which bases its implementation on stacks. It supports an interactive execution of commands as well as the compilation of sequences of commands.

Frink: It was developed by Alan Eliasen and named after Professor John Frink, a popular fictional character. It is based on the Java Virtual Machine and focuses on science and engineering. Its striking feature is that it tracks the units of measure through all the calculations that enables quantities to contain their units of measure.

Game Maker Language: It is an interpreted computer programming language intended to be used in cooperation with Game Maker, an application for game creation. Mark Overmars, a Dutch computer scientist, designed this language.

ICI: ICI is a general purpose interpreted computer programming language. It supports dynamic typing, flexible data types and other language constructs similar to C. It was designed by Tim Long in 1992.

J: Ken Iverson and Roger Hui developed this programming language that requires only the basic ASCII character set. It is an array programming language that works well with mathematical and statistical operations.

Lisp: It is the second-oldest high level computer programming language that has a fully parenthesized syntax. The name, Lisp is derived from 'List Processing Language'. One of the important data structures that Lisp supports is linked list. Lisp programs deal with source code as a data structure. Lush is an object-oriented form of the Lisp language. It can be used for network programming and administration tasks. Common Lisp, Dylan, Logo and Scheme are the dialects of Lisp. Common Lisp is a language specification. It supports multiple paradigms and is a general purpose programming language. Dylan is another multi-paradigm dialect of Lisp that supports both functional and object-oriented programming. Logo and Scheme support functional programming. Guy Steele and Gerald Jay Sussman developed Scheme as a multi-paradigm programming language. MultiLisp is a dialect of Scheme that supports parallel programming and shared memory.

Lua: Members of the Computer Graphics Technology Group developed Lua in 1993. It is an imperative and procedural programming language that was designed as a scripting language. It is known for being simple yet powerful.

M: M is short for MUMPS, a programming language created for the health care industry. Neil Pappalardo, the founder of medical information technology and his associates developed the M language.

Pascal: It is a procedural programming language that was intended to use data structuring and structured programming. Niklaus Wirth, a Swiss computer scientist designed this language and it was named after Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician and philosopher. Object Pascal is a branch of the object-oriented derivatives of Pascal. It later came to be known as Delphi.

PCASTL: It is a high level language developed by Philippe Choquette and falls under the class of interpreted computer programming languages. It is specially designed for self-modifying code.

Perl: Perl is a high level interpreted programming language that supports dynamic programming. Larry Wall, a linguist who served as a systems administrator at NASA developed Perl. It provides the programmers with text processing facilities and has a blend of features adopted from various languages like C, Lisp and Awk.

PostScript: It is used in the desktop publishing field and is known as a page description language. It is a dynamically typed stack-based programming language developed by John Warnock, an American computer scientist and Charles Geschke, a notable figure in the field of computer science. These developers went on to found the very well-known company, Adobe Systems.

Python: It is a high-level programming language that supports imperative, object-oriented and functional programming paradigms. In its features like the dynamic type system and automatic memory management, it is similar to Perl. Originally released in 1991 by Guido van Rossum, a Dutch computer programmer, Python is an open community-based language whose development is managed by the Python Software Foundation.

REXX: Short for Restructured Extended Executor, REXX is an interpreted language developed by IBM. It was designed with an intent to be an easily learnable and readable language. CMS EXEC and EXEC 2 were the predecessors of REXX. NetRexx is the IBM's implementation of REXX that offers object-oriented programming. Object REXX is an object-oriented scripting language that is based on REXX.

Ruby: The efforts for developing this language initiated in Japan in the 1990s. Similar to Perl, it has a dynamic type system and an automatic memory management. It supports multiple programming paradigms and is a dynamic object-oriented language.

S-Lang: Originally developed as a stack-based language, S-Lang has evolved as a language similar to C. It was developed by John E. Davis.

Spin: It is a multitasking object-oriented programming language whose compiler converts the Spin code into bytecodes. Multiple Spin code threads can run at a time, thus enabling multitasking. Spin was developed by Chip Gracey of Parallax.

Functional Programming Languages
These languages define every computation as a mathematical evaluation. They focus on the application of functions. Many of the functional programming languages are bound to mathematical calculations.

Charity: It is a purely functional, not-Turing-complete language, which means that all its programs are guaranteed to terminate. Charity was designed at the University of Calgary, a public University in Canada.

Clean: It is a purely functional programming language that supports portability across platforms, automatic garbage collection, multiple data structures and referential transparency, which means that a function with a given input will always give the same output.

Curry: It is a functional logic programming language that implements functional and logic programming as well as constraint programming, wherein the relationships between variables are stated in the form of constraints.

Erlang: It is a concurrent programming language that includes a sequential subset, which supports functional programming. Ericsson developed Erlang as a distributed soft real-time and fault-tolerant language and released it as an open source computer programming language in 1998. It is one of the most popularly used functional programming languages.

F#: It targets the .NET Framework and supports both functional as well as imperative object-oriented programming. Don Syme at the Microsoft Research developed this language, which is now being developed at the Microsoft Developer Division. F Sharp, as it is called, will soon be integrated into the .NET Framework and Visual Studio.

Haskell: Named in honor of Haskell Curry, a logician, Haskell is a standardized purely functional language. It supports pattern matching, definable operators, single assignment, algebraic data types and recursive functions.

Joy: It is a purely functional language that is based on a composition of functions. Manfred von Thun of La Trobe University in Australia developed this language.

Kite: It came up in 2006 with a feature set consisting of a blend of object-oriented and functional programming features. It is a fast-running language. Interestingly, Kite uses the pipe character for functional calls rather than using the period or arrow characters in other languages.

ML: Robin Milner and his associates at the University of Edinburgh came up with ML in the 1970s. It is an impure functional language as it supports imperative programming. Standard ML is popular among compiler writers and is a modular, functional programming language. Alice is a dialect of Standard ML, which supports distributed computing, multithreading and constraint programming. Caml is another dialect of ML and is a statically typed language that supports automatic memory management. Ocaml is the implementation of Caml that is developed as an open source project. JoCaml is a version of Ocaml based on join-calculus.

Nemerle: It is a statically typed programming language that is designed for the .NET platform. Programs in Nemerle are compiled into an intermediate language bytecode. It supports functional, imperative and object-oriented programming.

OPAL: The name stands for Optimized Applicative Language and is a functional programming language developed at the Technical University of Berlin.

OPS5: It is a rule-based production system computer language that became the first language to be used in an expert system.

Q: It is called Q for being an equational programming language. It is an interpreted functional language that was designed by Albert Graf at the University of Mainz in Germany. It can be described as a set of equations used to evaluate expressions.

Compiled Programming Languages
These programming languages make use of a compiler for the execution of code. Compilers can translate source code into machine code and thus bring out the implementation of the programming language instructions.

Ada: It is a statically typed, structured, imperative programming language that is based on Pascal. A team of CII Honeywell Bull that was led by Jean Ichbiah developed Ada. The Ada compilers are validated for mission-critical systems. Ada is an internationally standardized computer programming language.

ALGOL: Algorithmic Language, as it is called, is actually a family of imperative programming languages that was developed in the middle 1950s. It proved instrumental in the creation of programming languages like BCPL, B and C. Simula, representing Simula I and Simula 67 is a superset of Algol 60. Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard of the Norwegian Computing Center in Oslo were the brains behind Simula.

C: Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories developed C to be used on the Unix platform. It is a general purpose, cross-platform, procedural, imperative programming language. It is used for implementing system software and application software and is one of the most-used computer programming languages of today. The development of C++ and C# was influenced by C.

C++: It consists of a combination of high-level and low-level language features and is hence considered as a middle-level programming language. Bjarne Stroustrup of Bell Labs developed C++ as an extension of the C language. Originally known as 'C with Classes', it came to be known as C++ from 1983. It is a multi-paradigm language that supports procedural programming, generic programming, object-oriented programming and data abstraction.

C#: C Sharp is a multi-paradigm programming language that supports imperative, generic and object-oriented programming. It is a part of the Microsoft .NET Framework. It is similar to C++ in its object-oriented syntax and is also influenced by Java and Delphi. Polyphonic C# extends C#. MC# is an extension of Polyphonic C# that can work on the .NET platform. C-omega is an extension to C# that succeeded Polyphonic C#. It enables access to data stores and includes constructs that support concurrent programming.

CLEO: It is known as the Clear Language for Expressing Orders and is a computer language for the LEO computer.

COBOL: The name stands for Common Business-Oriented Language that is designed for the business and finance domain. COBOL 2002 standard supports object-oriented programming. It is one of the very old programming languages that are still in use.

Cobra: It is an object-oriented programming language that runs on .NET and Mono frameworks. Chuck Esterbrook developed it. Its design is influenced by languages like Python and C#. It supports static and dynamic typing and is suited for unit tests. Today, it is an open source project.

D: Originally designed as an enhancement of C++, it is also influenced by Java, Eiffel and C#. It is an object-oriented, imperative, multi-paradigm system programming language developed by Walter Bright of Digital Mars.

DASL: Acronym of Distributed Application Specification Language, it is a high-level, strongly typed programming language that was developed at the Sun Microsystems. It was created with an intent to be used for developing web applications.

DIBOL: Acronym of Digital Interactive Business Oriented Language, DIBOL is a general purpose procedural imperative programming language. It is fairly similar to COBOL as is best suited for the development of Management Information Systems.

Fortran: It is a procedural, imperative, general purpose computer programming language that works well for scientific computations and numeric operations. After IBM developed it in the 1950s, it soon gained popularity in programming. It is very popular in the field of high-performance computing. It is a structured and compiled programming language that is a subset of Fortran95. Fortran 2003, a revised version of Fortran supports object-oriented programming.

Java: Sun Microsystems developed Java and released it in 1995 as a part of the Java platform. Java applications are compiled to bytecode, which can run on any virtual machine, thus making Java programs platform-independent. It is very popular language of the modern times. Groovy is an object-oriented programming language for the Java platform. It is a dynamic programming language, which can also be used as a scripting language. Join Java is a programming language that extends Java by adding join methods, asynchronous methods and order class modifiers to Java. X10 is a computer programming language developed by IBM that supports parallel programming, arrays and concurrency. It is seen as an extended subset of Java.

JOVIAL: It is a high-order computer programming language similar to ALGOL. It is best suited to the design and development of embedded systems.

Objective-C: It is a reflective object-oriented programming language that adds messaging services to C.

SMALL: The name stands for Small Machine Algol-like Language. It provides the programmers with abilities to write an ALGOL-like code that can be run on small machines.

Smalltalk: It is a reflective, object-oriented programming language that supports dynamic typing. Alan Kay, Adele Goldberg, Dan Ingalls, Scott Wallace, Ted Kaehler and their associates at Xerox PARC developed Smalltalk. They designed it for educational use and it soon became popular. VisualWorks is a prominent implementation of Smalltalk. Squeak is a programming language that is in the form of an implementation of Smalltalk. Scratch is a visual programming language based on Squeak.

Turing: It was developed by Ric Holt and James Cordy of the University of Toronto, Canada, in 1982. It was named in honor of the British computer scientist, Alan Turing. This Pascal-like language is a freeware since 2007.

Visual Basic: It is an event-driven programming language that is packaged with an integrated development environment. It inherits many of its features from BASIC. Its graphical development features make it easy for beginners to learn VB.

Visual FoxPro: It is an object-oriented and procedural programming language derived from FoxPro. It is integrated with a relational database system of its own and does not require an additional programming environment. It supports dynamic programming.

XL: It is created with an intent to support concept programming, a programming paradigm that focuses on how concepts residing in a programmer's mind can be transformed into code constructs. Programmers can reconfigure XL's syntax and semantics.

Procedural Programming Languages
Procedural programming is synonymous with imperative programming, which implies specifying the steps that the programs should take to reach to an intended state. It is a programming paradigm that involves procedure calls. A procedure is a group of statements that can be referenced through a procedure call. Procedures help in reuse of code. Procedural programming makes the programs structured and easily traceable for program flow.

Apart from the very well-known languages like COBOL, BASIC, Fortran, Ada, C, C++, C#, Visual Basic and Java, there are many other languages that follow procedural programming. Take a look at them.

Bliss: It is a system programming language and was one of the best-known languages of this type till C came up. W.A. Wolf, D. B. Russell and A. N. Habermann of the Carnegie Mellon University developed Bliss. It includes exception handling mechanisms, coroutines and macros while it excludes the goto statement.

ChucK: It is a concurrent and strongly timed audio programming language that runs on Mac OS X, Linux as well as Microsoft Windows. It is especially known for the ability it gives to the programmers to do some modifications even in the running programs.

CLIST: It is a procedural programming language in the form of a set of commands that need to be executed in a sequence like that of a batch file.

HyperTalk: It is a high-level programming language that was intended to be used by programmers at the beginner's level. The programmers of this computer language were known as authors and the act of writing programs was called scripting. HyperTalk was designed by Dan Winker in 1987. Structurally, it resembles Pascal.

Modula-2: It is a general purpose procedural language created in 1978 by Niklaus Wirth at ETH. It is similar to Pascal and has systems programming and multiprogramming features.

Oberon: Niklaus Wirth, the man behind Pascal and Modula came up with Oberon in 1986. It was designed as a part of the Oberon operating system. It is similar to Modula-2 but smaller than it.

Component Pascal: It is a programming language that seems to be related to Pascal, but is actually incompatible with it. It is actually a variant of Oberon-2. Lagoona is an experimental programming language that supports component-oriented programming, a paradigm of decomposing a system into logical or functional components. Michael Franz, a student of Niklaus Wirth developed Lagoona. Seneca, better known as Oberon-2 is an extension of the Oberon programming language.

MATLAB: It is a numerical computing environment and a programming language that enables matrix computations, function plotting and algorithm implementation. It can also be used for user interface creation. MathWorks created MATLAB.

Occam: It is an imperative procedural language that was developed by David May and his colleagues at INMOS. It is similar to Pascal. Occam-pi is a variant of Occam that has been extended to include nested protocols, recursion, protocol inheritance, array constructors and run-time process creation.

PL/C: It was developed for being used to teach programming. It was created at the Cornell University in the 1970s.

PL/I: It is an imperative computer programming language targeted at scientific and engineering applications. Mainly intended to perform data processing, it also supports structured programming and recursion.

Rapira: It is a procedural programming language that was used in teaching computer programming in Soviet schools. Developed in the USSR, initially this language had Russian-based keywords. English keywords were incorporated later.

RPG: This programming language is used for business applications. It is available with the IBM's System I midrange computers.

Scripting Languages
Scripting languages are programming languages that control an application. Scripts can execute independent of any other application. They are mostly embedded in the application that they control and are used to automate frequently executed tasks like communicating with external programs.

AppleScript: It is a scripting language that is built into the Mac OS.

Awk: Awk was born in the Bell Labs in the 1970s. It is used for processing text-based data in data streams and files and uses the string datatype, arrays and regular expressions.

BeanShell: It is a java scripting language that is syntactically similar to Java and runs on the Java Runtime Environment along with scripting commands and syntax.

ColdFusion: It is an application server and software development framework that comes with an associated scripting language known as ColdFusion Markup Language. It is known as CFML and is similar to HTML in terms of its syntax.

ECMAScript: It is a scripting language from the Ecma International specification. It is widely used on the web. ActionScript that is used in the development of websites and database applications is based on ECMAScript. DMDScript scripting language is the Digital Mars ECMAScript engine. ECMAScript for XML extends ECMAScript by adding XML support to it. JavaScript is used for web development at the client's side. It is a weakly typed, prototype-based dynamic language. Jscript is another dialect of ECMAScript, which is Microsoft-based. Both these dialects are widely used in web development.

F-Script: It is an object-oriented scripting language that is closely similar to Smalltalk with an additional feature of array programming.

JASS: It is an event-driven scripting language that provides the programmers with an extensive API.

Maya Embedded Language: Abbreviated as MEL, it is a scripting language that is used to support tasks on the Maya software. Its syntax resembles that of Perl.

Mondrian: This scripting language is aimed for Internet use and is looked upon as being a combination of Haskell and Java.

PHP: PHP is one of the very popularly used general purpose scripting languages. It is developed for creating dynamic web pages and supports a command line interface capability.

Revolution: It is a rapid application development language that is based on HyperTalk. It is a cross-platform language that supports dynamic typing.

Tcl: It is a scripting language, which is believed to be easy to learn. It is used for rapid prototyping and has found utility in embedded systems.

VBScript: It is an active scripting language that Microsoft developed as a variation of Microsoft Visual Basic. VBScript is a default component with each of the Desktop releases of Microsoft Windows.

Windows PowerShell: It is Microsoft's command line shell and a scripting language. Released in 2006, it is available with Windows XP, Windows Vista as also with Windows Server 3003 and Windows Server 2008. It works in collaboration with Microsoft .NET Framework by means of executables, forms of standalone applications, regular .NET classes, cmdlets that are specialized .NET classes and scripts, the compositions of cmdlets and imperative logic.

Markup Languages
A markup language is an artificial language that uses annotations to text that define how the text is to be displayed.

Curl: It is a reflective object-oriented programming language. It is a markup language similar to HTML and also an object-oriented programming language supporting multiple inheritance.

SGML: Standardized General Markup Language (SGML) has descended from IBM's Generalized Markup Language. It is an ISO standard metalanguage that can define markup languages for documents. It was designed with an intent of sharing machine-readable documents of large projects that had to be retained for long years.

HTML: Hypertext Markup Language, abbreviated as HTML, is the most prominent markup language that is used for web pages. It is written in the form of HTML tags that are surrounded by angular brackets. HTML tags describe the appearance of the text in a document and can be embedded into certain other code to affect the web browser behavior. HTML uses the SGML default syntax.

XML: The name stands for Extensible Markup Language. It is extensible because it allows the users to define their own XML elements. It supports the sharing of structured data over the Internet and the encoding and serializing of data. It originated as a subset of SGML. XPath is the XML Path Language that is used to select nodes from an XML document. It supports the computation of values. XQuery is used to query the collections of XML data. Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT) is an XML-based language that is used for the transformation of XML documents into human-readable formats. Apache Ant is a tool for the automation of software build processes. It uses XML to describe the build processes.

XHTML: It is a markup language that is similar to HTML and follows the XML syntax. It is midway between HTML and XML. XHTML documents allow automated processing of data.

Logic-based Programming Languages
Logic programming is the use of mathematical logic for computer programming. Logic-based programming languages specify the attributes for a solution and also the steps to arrive at the solution.

ALF: Algebraic Logic Functional Programming Language is a multi-paradigm programming language that is a combination of functional programming and logic programming. ALF program statements are compiled into instructions of an abstract machine. An emulator written in C executes the programs of the abstract machine.

Fril: Fril language was designed by Trevor Martin and Jim Baldwin at the University of Bristol in the 1980s. It is for first-order predicate calculus. It supports fuzzy sets and metaprogramming and is based on the Prolog syntax.

Janus: Janus supports concurrent and constraint programming.

Leda: This computer programming language is a blend of logic-based, functional, imperative and object-oriented programming. It is thus one of the multi-paradigm languages.

Oz: It is a multi-paradigm language that supports functional, logic-based, imperative and object-oriented programming. Oz also supports concurrent and distributed programming. Constraint programming that is supported by Oz is one of the strengths of this language.

Poplog: It is a powerful multi-paradigm software development environment whose core language is POP-11. All the languages of this development environment share a common language editor and are incrementally compiled programming languages.

Prolog: It is a general purpose programming language that supports logic programming and is often linked with artificial intelligence and computational linguistics. The language is declarative and the program logic is expressed in the form of relations. Mercury is a functional logic programming language that is based on Prolog. Strawberry Prolog is a dialect of Prolog, which is supposed to be easy to use. Visual Prolog is a strongly typed extension of Prolog that supports object-oriented programming. It is a compiled logic-based programming language.

ROOP: It is a multi-paradigm language that is built on C++. It is intended to be used with artificial intelligence systems. Its features offer a blend of procedural, logic-based and object-oriented programming.

Concurrent Programming Languages
The concurrent execution of multiple tasks is known as concurrent programming. It is implemented by the means of processes or threads spawned by a single program. Communication between the concurrent components of a program occurs either by means of shared memory or through message passing mechanism. Java, Ada and Erlang are some of the well-known concurrent programming languages. Concurrency is achieved in Java by means of shared memory and concurrency-based monitors. Here is a list of the other concurrent programming languages.

ABCL: It is actually a family of Actor-Based Concurrent Languages, which was developed in Japan during the 1980s and the 1990s. ABCL/1, ABCL/R, ABCL/R2 are some of the members of the ABCL family.

Afnix: It is a multi-threaded functional programming language. Its interpreter is written in C++. Its runtime engine supports both 32 and 64 bit platforms.

Cilk: Created at the MIT Laboratory in 1994, Cilk supports multithreaded parallel programming.

Concurrent Pascal: Per Brinch Hansen, a Danish-American computer scientist created Concurrent Pascal for writing operating systems and programming real-time systems.

E: It is an object-oriented programming language that supports distributed programming. Mark Miller, Dan Bornstein and associates at the Electric Communities developed E in 1997. Its syntax resembles that of Java.

Joule: Joule is a concurrent dataflow programming language that preceded the E programming language. It is used for distributed applications.

Limbo: Developed at the Bell Labs, Limbo is used for programming distributed systems. Its striking feature is its compiler's ability to generate architecture-independent object code. Limbo is used for applications running on Inferno operating system. Alex that was initially a part of the Plan 9 operating system is the predecessor of Limbo.

Pict: It is a statically typed programming language, which is in the experimental stage today.

SALSA: Short for Simple Actor Language System and Architecture, SALSA supports concurrent programming, message passing and distributed computing. It uses Java code for portability.

SR: Acronym of Synchronizing Resources, SR is a concurrent programming language.

Object-oriented Programming Languages
Object-oriented programming languages support the object-oriented programming techniques like encapsulation, abstraction, inheritance and polymorphism. Object-oriented programming makes use of classes, objects and the interaction between objects. Many computer programming languages of the present times support object-oriented programming. Some of the widely used programming languages that offer object-oriented programming features are C++, C#, Java, Perl 5, PHP, Python and Ruby. Look at the other object-oriented programming languages.

Agora: It is a prototype-based object-oriented programming language features message passing mechanisms.

BETA: It is an object-oriented programming language wherein classes and procedures revolve around the same concept and classes are defined as attributes of objects. It has strong abstraction mechanisms. BETA also supports nested classes.

Cecil: This object-oriented language was created by Craig Chambers at the University of Washington. It is similar to Objective-C and Modula-3.

Lava: Lava is a visual object-oriented interpreter-based programming language.

Lisaac: It was the first compiled object-oriented programming language that was based on prototype concepts. It also supports system programming.

MOO: It is a dynamically typed prototype based programming language that supports object-oriented programming. It supports exception handling mechanisms and looping constructs.

Moto: It is an open source server-side programming language that comes with state and session management objects and database connectivity.

Object-Z: It was developed at the University of Queensland, Australia. It extends the Z programming language by adding object-oriented features to it.

Obliq: It is an interpreted computer programming language that offers object-oriented programming features. It supports untyped variables and was designed for distributed and multithreaded computations.

Oxygene: Based on Object Pascal, Oxygene is an object-oriented programming language with a rich feature set. Previously, it was known as 'Chrome'.

Pliant: It is based on a dynamic compiler and comes with a unique ability of supporting low-level instruction lists as well as high-level expressions.

Prograph: It is a visual object-oriented multi-paradigm language that uses symbols to signify the actions to be performed on data.

REBOL: REBOL is the acronym given for Relative Expression Based Object Language. It is designed for use on distributed platforms and in network communications.

Scala: The name Scala stands for Scalable Language. It is a multi-paradigm programming language, which offers object-oriented and functional programming features.

Self: It is an object-oriented prototype-based computer programming language. NewtonScript is used to write programs for Apple Newton and is largely influenced by Self.

Slate: This object-oriented programming language that is based on the concept of prototypes. It derives some of its features from Smalltalk and some from the Self language. The Slate design is intended at providing the programmers with an operating system-like environment.

XOTcl: It is an object-oriented extension of the Tool Command Language that supports metaclasses and dynamic classes and methods.

IO: It is a pure object-oriented programming language having a prototype-based object model. It is small in size and can be executed on small portable virtual machines.

This was an extensive list of computer programming languages. Different programming languages offering different programming features serve as the means of communication between humans and computer systems.

How Does Mozilla Firefox Make Money

Many of us are interested to know, how a web browser makes money. And Mozilla Firefox, being one of the most popular web browsers, gains our attention. To know how Mozilla Firefox makes money, read the article.

Mozilla Firefox is a web browser, which was developed by Mozilla Foundation. It works on cross-platform operating system and Gecko layout engine. The Firefox project was initiated by Dave Hyatt, Joe Hewitt and Blake Ross. The latest stable version of Mozilla Firefox is 6.0.2. Mozilla Firefox is the second most widely used web browser in the world after Internet Explorer, having around 25.5% of total users. Germany and Poland are the countries where Mozilla Firefox is more popular than any other countries in the world.

Evolution of Mozilla Firefox
Netscape Navigator, which was published in December 1994, quickly became a very popular web browser, as it was one of the first browsers to work in Graphical User Interface (GUI). In 2008, Netscape got discontinued and it was distributed to AOL customers. During 1998, the source of Netscape became an open software, and it was managed by Mozilla organization. But at that time, the original web browser owned by Mozilla was not popular. In 2004, Mozilla dubbed it's web browser Mozilla Firefox and added effective features to it, thereby quickly gained huge popularity. The Mozilla Foundation is a non-profit organization, whereas the Mozilla corporation which is a subsidiary of Mozilla Foundation, is a taxable entity. But how does it earn money?

How does Mozilla Firefox Earn Money?
The answer to this question doesn't need a big explanation. It can be answered in just one word ~ Google. Mozilla gets paid by Google for the queries searched by the users in Google search engine through Firefox browser. Also, when you click on Google Ads in Firefox browser, a good percentage share of money goes to Firefox. In return, Firefox pays its gratitude by setting Google as the default web page in its homepage, based on the agreements they made with Google. In 2009, Mozilla Foundation generated an income of $104 million. It is really not clear whether Firefox gets its revenue from any other sources, but it is definite that, Google is Firefox's biggest sponsor or client. The amount of money paid by Google to Firefox, for the queries searched by a user in Firefox, is not publicly disclosed.

Amazon search also helps them to get some affiliate payments. Firefox stores, is also one of the ways by which Firefox generates some income. It sells Mozilla Firefox branded accessories and t-shirts, and makes some money out of it. Some of the other revenue generators of Firefox are Yahoo, Yandex, eBay and Creative Commons. Partnership with companies generates millions of money every year for Mozilla Firefox. It was estimated that the revenue income of Firefox is approximately $72 million. When asked about this estimation to Chris Blizzard, who is one of the board members of Mozilla Corporation, he said "though not off by an order of magnitude."

Google and Mozilla Firefox Relationship Going to Breakup?
Almost 90% of the total income of Mozilla Foundation comes from Google. Even Google promoted Firefox in YouTube, before it released it own product Google Chrome. We all know that, Google Chrome is gaining more popularity nowadays and is a very good competitor of Mozilla Firefox. Since 2004, Mozilla Firefox and Google had a productive relationship, with a contract between them, which extends till November 2011. But, will the contract between Google and Firefox end because of Google Chrome? The answer is we don't know. But, considering the fact that Google is a giant search engine, spends less amount on Firefox, as compared to its total income and also it is unlikely that Google will let Bing to become a default browser in Firefox, without fighting the battle.

"We are very fortunate in that the search feature in Firefox is both appreciated by our users and generates revenue in the tens of millions of dollars." ~ Mitchell Baker (Chairperson of the Mozilla Foundation and the Mozilla Corporation). Mitchel baker adds, "Perhaps search is the only feature that will both benefit users and generate this kind of revenue."

What is Open Source Software

These days we keep hearing about open source software. However, what is open source software is the question. In this write up, we will get to know more about it.

When we buy or for that matter download a software, it normally comes in ready to use version. The code of the software is compiled, due to which the internal code of the software is not visible to the user. In other words, the source code is not visible and/or accessible to the user. Therefore, making any kind of changes to the computer software is almost impossible. This is an advantage which is harnessed by most commercial software manufacturers. Compiling a code helps them to keep the source code to themselves and reduce the chances of it being copied. This also ensures, they are able to work on enhancing the product and give better quality product with every release. However, an open source software is just the opposite of this. There are different examples of software, that we use in our daily use. You will come across open source software in all types of software. Let's find out, what is it exactly.

What is Open Source Software?
There are different types of application software, which have come into the market, where the source code comes along with the compiled software. The end user is encouraged to modify and/or customize the software. The makers of open source software is that when you encourage people with interest in software to alter the software code, the end result is more useful and errors are minimized over a period of time. There are many open source software examples. Some of the ones we regularly use are web browsers like Mozilla Firefox, a software application similar to Microsoft Office is Open Office, etc. Apart from the software, there are open source computer operating systems as well. The most commonly used open source operating systems are Linux and Ubuntu. These are different types of operating systems, where changes can be carried out by the end user to suit his needs. You may not be aware that there are open source resource for handheld computers available as well.

Features of Open Source Software
For a software to be classified under open source category, it should have certain features. Having access to the code running the software is not sufficient. Along with it, certain conditions have to be fulfilled by the said software, for it to fall under the said category.

Freely Distributed
It is important that the software is freely distributed. In some cases, the software can also be a part of a package, which is sold. The classic example of this can be Red Hat distribution of Linux. There is no restriction on the license, which prevents any one from selling or giving away the entire software or a part of the software. There is no need to pay any royalty or any kind of fees for the same.

Source Code and Redistribution
This is one of the most important features of any open source software. The source code comes along with the compiled code. A user is allowed to make changes to the source code to suit his needs. The person is also allowed to distribute the modified software. The modified software will have the same terms as the license of the original software.

No Place for Discrimination
No kind of discrimination is made. Any person or a group of people are discriminated upon. Likewise, there is no restriction on where can the software be used. It can be used for business, research or for home purposes. There are no terms and conditions laid down, which restrict the use of the software.

Free License
The license comes with its own terms and conditions and there are no restrictions, whatsoever. There are no restrictions made on the kind of software, which can be used in conjunction with the said software. In case the software is not compatible, there can be a restriction, but no licensing restriction exists. At the same time, it is important to note that the license of an open source software should be technology neutral.

Advantages of Open Source Software
One of the most important advantages of open source software is that the core of the software is free. Therefore, more and more start ups are turning towards open source. The other advantage is that the source code can be modified, therefore, one does not have to wait for the next version of the software to be released for the enhancements required. One is not left at the mercy of a vendor to lay hands on the software.

Disadvantages of Open Source Software
Every coin has two sides. Likewise, there are certain disadvantages of open source software as well. One of the concerns for most of the major types of software included as open source is that there is no technical support. Therefore, in case of a problem the person may not know, whom to turn to. It can be attributed to the fact, that the software is changed by different users and lending technical support is certainly not possible.

The disadvantage is that in some cases the projects can meet an untimely end. The other possibility is that infighting among the different members can cause harm to the development of the software itself. This has been the case with a number of web design and development software. At the same time there are some free software downloads pros and cons as well. A person should be able to differentiate between genuine software and a malicious one.

Looking at the way open source software stands today, it is very clear that it does have a bright future, in spite of some of its shortcomings. More and more people are taking to it and also find it convenient to use the software.

Open Source Software Examples

If you have ever used Ubuntu or Linux, you probably have some idea about open source software. Here are some open source software examples along with a brief insight into the 'what's and 'how's of open source software.

There are three major types of software- Programming Software, Systems Software and Application Software. Of the three, the latter two come in two broad classifications - open source and closed source. There are many different types of application software which are open source and most of us regularly download and use them on our PC/laptop, such as VLC. In this Buzzle article, we will take a look at some popular and highly recommended open source software examples for different types of operating systems.

So, what is open source software? An open source software is either a systems software or an application software that is available freely in the form of source codes and the users are permitted, under the software license, to study, modify and improve the software. The Open Source Initiative has set certain parameters to determine whether a software license renders the software open source or not. These parameters are very specific and are as laid down below. In order to be considered Open Source, a software must qualify on all of these parameters.

Parameter	Elaboration
Free Redistribution	The software license does not restrict anyone from selling or giving away the software as part of a software package which contains programs from various other sources. The license also should not require any royalty or fee for such sale or passing over of the software.
Source Code	The program should essentially contain source code and the distribution should be permitted in source code as well as compiled form. If the source code is not provided free, the means of obtaining it should be well publicized and should not cost more than a reasonable charge, though the preferred mode of obtaining such code should be free downloading via the Internet. Deliberate obfuscation of source code is not permitted and outputs of processors and translators are against the rule.
Derived Works	The software license must permit modifications to the source code and the distribution of such derived work must be allowed to be distributed under the same terms as the original software license.
Integrity of Author's Source Code	Distribution of source code in modified form can be restricted by the license only if the license necessitates distribution of patch files with the source code for modification of the program at the time of writing it. In such case, the license must be explicit in allowing distribution of software which is developed from modified source code and may require derived works to be known by a different name or version number from the original.
No Discrimination of Persons or Groups	There should be no discrimination, whatsoever, by the license against any person or user group. What is made available to one must be made available to everyone else.
No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor	There should be no restriction on the use of the software for any field of work. If it is free for business use, it must also be free for use in lab researches.
Distribution of License	The rights to the program should apply to everyone, to whom the program is redistributed without any necessity for applying for additional license by such parties.
License Must Not be Specific to a Product	The rights attached to the program must not be specific to the software of which it is a part. Even if the program is extracted from that particular software package and used elsewhere within the program's license terms, the user of such an isolated program would have the same rights as he would have had on using the program along with the original software distribution.
License Must Not Restrict Other Software	There should be no restriction on any other software that is distributed along with the licensed software. The other software may or may not be open sourced but that should not put any restrictions on their distribution on the same medium as the open source software.
License Must be Technology Neutral	No part of the license should weigh upon any particular technology or interface style.

VLC, Mozilla Firefox and MySQL are prominent software examples which are open source. Linux and Ubuntu are prominent examples of open source operating systems. Let us browse through some open source software examples for two major operating systems - Windows and Mac.

Popular Open Source Software for Windows

• Firefox ~ web browsing
• Miro ~ video player, bittorrent, pod casting
• Pidgin ~ instant messaging
• Miro Video Converter ~ convert any video to mp4 or theora
• SkipScreen ~ skip unnecessary clicks and waiting time on media sharing sites such as zShare
• Thunderbird ~ e-mail
• RSSOwl ~ cross platform RSS client
• Cabos ~ easy peer-to-peer file sharing
• Gnucleus ~ Gnutella search and file sharing software
• VLC ~ plays Quicktime, AVI, DIVX, OGG and many other video/audio formats
• Media Player Classic ~ plays lots of media formats
• Open Office ~ word processing and spreadsheet functions aka MS Office
• AbiWord ~ word processing
• Juice ~ great pod casting client
• Handbrake ~ convert/rip DVD to MPEG-4 format, one of the best DVD ripping software
• Audacity ~ sound recording software
• Gipm ~ graphics editing aka Photoshop
• Paint.net ~ similar to Gimp
• Inkscape ~ application for vector graphics
• Filezilla ~ FTP application
• X-Chat2 ~ IRC client
• PealZip ~ extracting and archiving functions
• ZScreen ~ open source application for screen-capture functions
• Launchy ~ open source program launcher that works on keystrokes
• AutoHotkey ~ open source short-cut creator which enables you to create keyboard shortcuts for just about any task that is of repetitive nature

Notable Open Source Software for Mac

• Mozilla Firefox ~ web browsing
• Miro ~ video playing, bittorrent, pod casting
• Audium ~ instant messaging
• Miro Video Converter ~ convert any video to mp4 or theora
• Vienna ~ RSS client
• Mozilla Thunderbird ~ e-mail
• SolarSeek ~ file sharing client
• Q Emulator ~ running Windows on Mac
• Perian ~ plugin allowing quicktime for playing additional media formats
• VLC ~ plays Quicktime, AVI, DIVX, OGG and many other video/audio formats
• iPodDisk ~ iPod ripping
• Burn ~ CD/DVD burner
• Vidalia ~ user anonymity on the web
• Bean ~ word processor
• KisMac ~ wireless scanning on Mac
• Xee ~ fast image browsing and viewing
• Scribus ~ DTP application
• Cyberduck ~ great FTP program
• Colloquy ~ IRC client
• NVU ~ visual web designing and development software
• Gipm ~ graphics editing aka Photoshop
• Audacity ~ sound recording software
• Camino ~ web browsing
• OpenProj ~ open source project management application
• jEdit ~ open source text editing software, especially useful for programmers
• Stellarium ~ Open source 3D planetarium application

Most of these open source applications, as you can discern, are equally popular to Mac as well as Windows. The biggest advantages of open source software are their ease to penetrate the market without the companies offering them requiring to sweat over promoting them and providing a sense of empowerment and flexibility to users and developers. The greatest disadvantages of open source software are argued to be their being in a perennially developmental stage and the ignorance of system testing and documentation. This point of concern may be true in case of very small software projects but holds no water for larger, more successful projects which risk no such negligence and their software are well-defined and subject to rules regarding testing of modifications and documentation. Before downloading though, get thoroughly informed about free software download pros and cons to be on the safer side if you are downloading software from some obscure site.

We all have, sometime or the other, used and benefited from some of the best open source software available on the web. Most of you must be familiar with the aforementioned open source software examples and know some of these to be the best things to have happened to web browsing, instant messaging, pod casting, media playing, photo editing and much more - the scopes are unlimited! Download these wicked open source applications and open yourself to more variety and computing convenience. Happy installing!

Best Antivirus for Windows 7

You will find the market is flooded with some of the best antivirus for windows 7. If you are not sure which ones are compatible with your operating system, the following article will cover information regarding some of the recommended antivirus for windows 7.

An antivirus installed on a computer, works just like the immune system in the human body. It helps protect your computer from different computer viruses, Trojans and worms that damage and corrupt your valuable data. These antivirus also help protect your computer from being hacked to some extent and protect sensitive data like phone numbers, bank account numbers and passwords. You will find the best antivirus programs for Windows 7 flooding the market. However, each of the best antivirus for Windows 7 has something different to offer.

Before you install any antivirus for Windows 7 from the Internet, make sure you check whether it is compatible with your computer operating system. Also, some companies claim to provide you with antivirus, but instead the software has malware or viruses. When these programs are run, you inadvertently install these viruses and malware software on your computer. The following list of recommended antivirus for Windows 7 are compatible with the operating software.

The Best Antivirus Programs for Windows 7
The Windows 7 operating system is released in the market, yet many are still confused about the best antivirus for Windows 7. The following list of recommended antivirus for Windows 7 are chosen on the basis of their virus detection ability, protection offered and features.

BitDefender Antivirus
This is one of the best antiviruses that will protect your PC from malware, phishing sites and identity thefts. This antivirus includes Instant Messaging encryption and is claimed to have a high detection rate and scan the computer twice as fast that the earlier versions.

Vipre Antivirus
The Vipre Antivirus 2012 is a fast antivirus software for home and office computers. This software will not slow down you computer and will constantly keep you computer in check when browsing. It also informs the user about potential risky or hazardous links, before they even click on it. It is a silent antivirus software that keeps running in the background without troubling the user.

Panda Antivirus Pro
Panda Antivirus Pro 2012 is a program that can be installed and forgotten all about. It runs in the background and keeps detected virus stored in the cloud. It is certified by the AV-Test as one of the best antivirus software products.

Norton Antivirus
The Norton antivirus 2012 is one of the most compatible software's with Windows 7. The Norton Internet Security and Norton Antivirus are specifically designed for running on this operation system. It stops malicious worms and viruses before they can infect your computer. It takes up less memory and hard disk space.

Microsoft Security Essentials
The Microsoft Security Essentials helps give your real-time protection to the computer. This antispyware and antivirus program helps guard your PC from malicious software, viruses, spyware, etc. It is runs quietly in the background and without creating problems while you are working on your PC.

ESET NOD32 Antivirus 5
This is one of the most popular antivirus programs in the market. It is takes up very less space on the hard drive and thus keeps the system light. It provides the computer with multiple layers of protection and keeps away malware and viruses.

McAfee
The McAfee Total Protection provides full Suite protection and is known to combine with the best antivirus, firewall and intrusion prevention technology.

Kaspersky Anti-Virus
The latest and the best antivirus for widows 7 is the Kasperky Lab's antivirus software. It protects you against password stealing programs and warns one from bogus sites. Thus, saving you from buying stuff from con sites. It has a very smart antivirus scanning system that ensures your emails and IM communication is free from infections.

Webroot SecureAnywhere Antivirus
Webroot has the smallest installer (600kb), but is a master of detection for viruses and removal of malicious software. It comes with a password manager, online backup as well as helps protects smartphones and tablets.

Top Windows Antivirus
The following are some of the best antivirus programs for Windows 7. The list will help explain each software and their plus points in short.

AVAST!
The AVAST! Antivirus for is one of the top Windows antivirus programs. It is not only compatible with Windows 7, but offers full desktop security. It does not take up too much system resource and comes with changeable skins. It is included with an anti-spyware protection and resident shield.

Trend Micro
Another top Windows antivirus is trend micro. It offers security from viruses, worms, Trojan horse and other similar security threats. It also helps in blocking emails with virus threats and protects files from being sent without authorization. Also, it does not interrupt you while you are busy playing games or watching videos.

AVG Antivirus
AVG is one of the recommended antivirus for Windows 7. It has a user-friendly interface and contains three new components called the Web Shield, Link Scanner and AGV Toolbar.

These are some of the best antivirus programs for Windows 7 that keep your PC protected from malicious software. You can go ask your dealer regarding the best available option for your computer depending on your needs. I hope this article has helped you know some of the best antivirus for Windows 7 on your computer.

Steve Jobs the Short Biography

Youth (1955-75)

Steven Paul Jobs was born in San Francisco, California on February 24 1955. His biological parents, unwed college graduates Joanne Simpson and Abdulfattah Jandali, had him adopted by a lower-middle-class couple from south of the Bay Area, Paul and Clara Jobs.
Young Steve grew up in a valley of apricot orchards that was already turning into the world center of computer technology: Silicon Valley. It was not uncommon to see engineers fill their garages with all kind of electronic devices in that part of California. Steve Jobs was fascinated by these, and that’s why, in 1969, he met with a computer whiz kid who shared his interests in electronics: Stephen Wozniak — commonly known as Woz. Steve and Woz quickly became friends even though Woz was five years older.
When Steve Jobs reached college age, he decided he would go to Reed College in Oregon. It was an expensive liberal arts college, way too pricey for his modest parents; but they had to keep their promise to Steve’s biological mother, and therefore paid for the tuition. Steve only stayed at Reed for one semester though, after which he dropped out. He then spent a lot of time learning about Eastern mysticism and adopted strange diets, fasting or eating only fruits: it was his hippie period. He even traveled to India with a friend to seek enlightenment at age 19.

Apple’s early years (1975-81)

After Steve came back to the Valley, he focused on Woz’s work on a computer board. Woz was attending a group of early personal computer hobbyists called the Homebrew Computer Club, where he got the idea of designing his own computer (which consisted only of a circuit board at the time). Steve Jobs saw that many people were interested in his friend’s brilliant work: he suggested they sell the board to them. Apple Computer was born.
Apple’s first year in business consisted of assembling the boards in Steve’s garage and driving to local computer stores to try and sell them. Meanwhile, Woz worked on a new, much improved computer, the Apple II, which he basically finished in 1977. Both Woz and Steve knew the Apple II was a breakthrough computer, much more advanced than anything the market had ever seen. That’s why Steve set out to find venture capitalists to fund Apple’s expansion. After a while, he made a deal with Mike Markkula, an enthusiastic former Intel executive who invested $250,000 in their business and assured them their company would enter the Fortune 500 list in less than two years.
Mike was right. The Apple II soon became the symbol of the personal computing revolution worldwide. It crushed all competition both because of its breakthrough hardware features (including its color graphics) and its very large supply of compatible software. The key to Apple II’s success was actually VisiCalc, the first spreadsheet program ever brought to market. Thousands of people bought Apple IIs just to use it. As a result, the company grew at a very fast rate, and went public after just four years of existence, in December 1980. Steve Jobs’ net worth passed the $200 million mark on that day — he was only 25.
But Apple’s success was threatened, as industry giant IBM was planning to enter the personal computer market in 1981. Apple had to fight back or they would go out of business in a couple of years’ time. Their Apple III computer had already bombed on the marketplace. They focused all their energy on a project headed by Steve Jobs: Lisa. He had named it after his ex-girlfriend’s daughter, although he denied all paternity (that difficult situation actually caused him to miss Time Magazine’s Man of the Year 1982). The Lisa computer was a breakthrough because it used a graphical user interface instead of a command-line interface. This technology, like many others that would revolutionize computing, was invented at Xerox PARC — but Apple was the first company to bring it to market.

Macintosh (1981-85)

Yet Steve Jobs was soon thrown out of the Lisa project because he was considered too temperamental a manager. Deeply angry, he took revenge by taking over a small project called Macintosh, determined to make it a cheaper GUI computer that would cannibalize sales of Lisa. Macintosh was in development since 1979 and its concept was “a computer as easy to use as a toaster.” Steve Jobs recruited brilliant young engineers in his Mac team and invigorated them by insufflating a spirit of entrepreneurship and rebellion, calling them “pirates”, unlike the rest of the company, “the Navy.”
Even though the Mac project was controversial as it threatened both Apple II and Lisa, and because Steve Jobs antagonized it against the rest of the company, it soon became crucial to Apple’s future because Lisa proved yet another market failure. Steve was supported in his mission by John Sculley, Apple’s CEO, whom he hired in 1983 to help him run the company and groom him into a top executive. In January 1984, he introduced Macintosh in great fanfare.
Although Mac’s first months were encouraging, sales soon started to plummet. There was growing fear in the company that this third flop in a row would put Apple out of business. Besides, Steve Jobs’ continued arrogance drove everyone nuts, starting with CEO John Sculley. After a failed board coup initiated by Jobs in mid-1985, Sculley announced he and the directors had agreed on a new org chart for Apple, in which Steve had no managerial duties whatsoever. He was only to remain chairman of the board.
Steve was stunned. Apple was his life, and he was kicked out of it. He started traveling around looking for new ways to spend his energy. It was actually in that second half of 1985 that he was introduced to a small team of brilliant computer graphics experts that George Lucas was trying to sell. They all shared a common dream of making animated movies with computers. Steve was interested and he eventually bought the company for $10 million in 1986, incorporating it as Pixar.

The NeXT years (1985-95)

Yet his main passion was still to make great computers. In September 1985, he announced to the Apple board that he was going to found a new company, called NeXT, to build an advanced computer for higher education and scientific research. He was going to take with him some of the best engineers and salesmen from the Mac team. Apple disapproved and threatened to sue him. It was at that point that Steve left his company for good and sold almost all of his stock in disgust.
NeXT started work on its computer in early 1986, after Apple dropped its lawsuit. Steve aimed at the highest possible standards for his new machine: he wanted the best hardware, built in the world’s most automated factory, and running the most advanced software possible. He decided the computer’s operating system, NeXTSTEP, would be based on UNIX, the most robust and most complex system in the world — but that it would also be as easy to use as a Macintosh, thanks to its own graphical user interface. In addition, it would make software development real easy with its object-oriented programming technology. These ambitious plans put off the release date of the computer — called the NeXT Cube — to October 1988.
However great it was, the NeXT Cube didn’t sell. It was overpriced and missing useful software. NeXT struggled for years to sell it, expanding its target from just education to businesses, and introducing a cheaper box, the NeXT Station. Yet the number of computers they sold each month remained in the hundreds. The company was bleeding money and all its co-founders left one after the other, as well as its first outside investor, Texan billionaire Ross Perot. By 1993, NeXT had to give up its hardware business and focus only on promoting its advanced software technology. NeXT Software, far from beating Apple, had turned into a niche software development business. Steve was devastated.
In addition, his investment in Pixar also seemed to lead nowhere. The small company had tried to sell advanced graphic workstations to specialized markets since it had been founded, without success. Jobs shut down Pixar’s hardware operations in 1990, decided to focus on developing an advanced 3D language called RenderMan. He kept the animation division, headed by John Lasseter, only because its work on TV commercials were one of the company’s only source of revenues. Hope was brought by a contract with Disney to make a full feature film with computers in 1991. But by the end of 1993, the contract was canceled by Burbank. With both his ventures failing, Steve had reached the nadir of his career. He spent most of his days at home with his young son Reed and his wife Laurene, whom he had married in 1991.

Comeback (1995-97)

Fortunately, as John Lasseter came back to Disney with an improved script for the feature film, called Toy Story, the project got back on track. The movie was to be released for Thanksgiving 1995. As the date approached, Steve Jobs realized what an incredible power the Disney brand was. He decided Pixar would go public the week after the release of Toy Story, cashing in on the media hype surrounding the first computer-generated animation movie of all time. It worked wonders: Toy Story’s box-office success was only surpassed by the Pixar stock’s success on Wall Street. Steve Jobs, who owned 80% of the company, saw his net worth rise to over $1.5 billion — five times the money he had ever made at Apple in the 1980s!
Speaking of Apple, the fruit company was in the midst of his worst year ever. After the release of Windows 95, the Mac, which had turned profitable but had failed to evolve for a decade while Steve Jobs was away, started losing market share at an alarming rate. By 1996, the company’s newly appointed CEO, Gil Amelio, was looking for new software to replace the old and bloated Mac OS. He eventually chose Steve’s NeXTSTEP. Apple paid $400 million to acquire NeXT, and Steve was back to the company that had thrown him out a decade earlier. His official title was that of “informal adviser to the CEO.”
But when Amelio announced Apple’s losses of $700 million for the first quarter of 1997, the board decided it was time to get rid of this terrible manager. Steve Jobs organized a board coup and was named interim CEO of Apple in July 1997. He immediately started an extensive review of the whole company, cutting the number of projects from hundreds to a dozen. The number of hardware products would be cut down to just four. He also made a shocking announcement at Macworld Boston in August: Apple would be teaming up with its arch-rival Microsoft, in an unprecedented deal that would put an end to interminable patent disputes.

Apple back on track (1998-2001)

Steve Jobs quickly gave confidence back to the Apple community. The company launched a revolutionary marketing campaign around a new slogan: Think Different, spreading the idea that people who used Macs were dreamers who could change the world. As the Apple brand grew stronger, the company launched a couple of new successful products, the Power Mac G3 and the PowerBook. Six months after he had come back, Steve Jobs had led the company to profitability.
Yet Apple’s resurgence really came a little later, when Steve introduced a new, amazing consumer desktop computer: iMac. Introduced in May 1998, it was Apple’s first really innovative product basically since the original Macintosh in 1984. The iMac’s stunning translucent design blew away the whole personal computer industry, which had failed to produce anything but black or beige boxes for over a decade. Moreover, iMac was a hot seller, and it was essential in bringing back tons of developers to the Mac platform. Design innovations continued throughout 1998 and 1999 with the colored iMacs and iBook, Apple’s consumer notebook. After three years in charge, Steve Jobs had brought Apple back to greatness. That’s why he finally accepted to become full-time CEO of Apple in January 2000 — the first time one man became CEO of two public companies at the same time.
Still, the very reason Steve Jobs was brought back to Apple had not yet materialize — it was to bring NeXT’s software technology to the Mac platform. This eventually happened in early 2001, as Apple released the first version of its breakthrough operating system, Mac OS X. Mac OS X was really NeXTSTEP with a Mac facade. But it turned out an essential asset to Apple as the company developed breakthrough applications for its Macs as part of the digital hub strategy.
The digital hub strategy was unveiled by Steve Jobs at Macworld San Francisco in January 2001. It was a vision for the future of the personal computer. Although many analysts and self-appointed experts were proclaiming PCs would disappear within a couple of years to be replaced by Internet terminals, Apple believed they would evolve into digital centers or hubs for our new digital lifestyles. In other words, the PC would become the centerpiece of our new lives filled with digital cameras and camcorders, MP3 players, smart phones and other digital devices. The digital hub strategy led Apple to develop a suite of applications designed to manage our new lifestyle, the so-called iApps: iMovie (1999), iTunes (2001), iDVD (2001), iPhoto (2002), iCal and iSync (2002), GarageBand (2004) and finally iWeb (2006). The iApps were a strategic move in Apple’s greater plan to gain market share over the PC, as there was simply no equivalent solution on the Windows platform. Other moves included an aggressive ad campaign (Switchers) and the start of Apple’s retail operations in mid-2001.

The iPod revolution (2001-2006)

However the greatest momentum for Apple came from an unexpected source: the iPod. iPod was an integral part of the digital hub strategy. It was started in early 2001, when Steve Jobs realized that he had misplaced his enthusiasm for “desktop video”, i.e. the ability to edit movies on the computer — which was still far from mainstream. What was really hot at the turn of the century was not movies but digital music, as exemplified by the success of Napster. He focused on catching up and bought an outside hardware developer to work on Apple’s own MP3 player, which was brought to market in record time, just in time for 2001’s holiday season.
iPod’s breakthrough features — its beautiful design, its brilliant user interface and click wheel, its fast FireWire connectivity and its ability to sync with iTunes seamlessly — made it a hot seller from the start. For the first time, people were buying Macs just so they could use this little music player the size of a cigarette box. Apple cashed in on that success and went further in the following years, first by making iPod Windows-compatible in 2002, then by opening the iTunes Music Store and developing a Windows version of iTunes in 2003.
As of 2006, after Apple had continually pushed innovation in its music business by introducing iPod mini in 2004, iPod shuffle then iPod nano in 2005, and expanded its Music Store internationally, it had become the undisputed leader of the new digital music era. A significant landmark was passed in 2006 when Apple’s revenues from iPod equaled those made on computers. For the first time in its history, the firm from Cupertino had left its niche markets to become as influential a player in consumer electronics as Microsoft was in the PC space. iPod’s market share was close to 75%!

The Pixar-Disney merger (2003-2006)

Interestingly enough, iPod also played a critical role in setting Pixar’s future. After having released success after success (A Bug’s Life (1998), Toy Story 2 (1999), Monsters Inc. (2001) and Finding Nemo (2003)), the animation studio had decided to let go of its distribution deal with Disney, mainly because of increasing tensions between Steve Jobs and Disney CEO Michael Eisner. Steve Jobs openly said he would not make another deal with the Magic Kingdom until Eisner was out. Turns out his opinion was shared by many an executive at Disney — including Walt’s own nephew, Roy Disney, who started a public campaign to oust the company’s CEO. This led to the nomination of Bob Iger as new CEO in March 2005.
Steve Jobs and Bob Iger started working together because Apple decided to sell TV shows on its iTunes store. In October 2005, in front of an audience of stunned journalists, Steve Jobs shook hands (as Apple’s boss) with the new CEO of Disney — implying a renewed cooperation with Pixar in the near future. This eventually led to no less than the merger of both companies, announced in January 2006. Steve Jobs, who still owned half of Pixar’s stock, became Disney’s largest individual shareholder (owning 7% of the company’s stock). As for Pixar executives Ed Catmull and John Lasseter, they were given critical roles in the new studio.

Apple Inc. (2006-today)

2006 was a critical year for Apple in three respects.
The first was the success of the Mac. Mac sales were finally taking off, and after years of struggle to gain market share, its growth rate was exceeding that of the PC. Several factors accounted for this historic change: the success of iPod of course, and the positive side effect it had on the Apple brand. The move to Intel as well: after years of fighting the so-called Wintel monopoly, Steve had announced in 2005 that the company would start using Intel processors in their Macs form then on. The entire product line was transitioned over in less than a year. Intel Macs were faster and cheaper, but their main advantage was their ability to run Windows — which was a key argument in making Windows users switch, afraid as they were not to find their favorite software on the Mac. Finally, Apple was encountering unexpected success with its chain of retail stores, the fastest growing in the US.
The second crucial development from 2006 was the full acceptance by Apple of its new status of consumer electronics powerhouse, thanks to the success of iPod, the walkman of the digital age. It became obvious in February 2006, when the company released iPod hi-fi, a boom-box designed to work only with iPod (which was discontinued the following year), and Apple TV less than a year later. But the biggest move of course came in January 2007, when Steve Jobs introduced iPhone at Macworld. iPhone was arguably the ultimate Apple product. Its beautiful hardware ran no less than Apple’s full operating system, OS X. Its multi-touch technology, Web surfing and iPod capabilities, easy-to-use interface, and more, made it a smartphone “light-years ahead of its competition”, as Steve Jobs said. It shook the phone industry to its core, down to the exclusive deal that Apple cut with AT&T for subscription plans. Three years after it was introduced, it is already fair to say that iPhone will go down in history as the first digital convergence device, equivalent to putting a computer, an iPod and a phone in your pocket. It was such an obvious part of Apple’s move outside the PC business that Steve announced at the end of Macworld 2007 that the company’s name would be changed from Apple Computer Inc. to Apple Inc.
Finally, the third major event of 2006 for Steve was the so-called backdating scandal. Backdating consists of picking a date in the past, when a stock's value is lower, to assign the exercise price of options. It is an illegal practice that was commonplace in Silicon Valley until it was exposed by a Wall Street Journal article in 2006. Apple swiftly hired lawyers to lead an internal investigation of its own records. They did find irregularities, which were confirmed by the SEC in mid-2007. Two big frauds were unveiled that took place in 2000 and 2001, under Steve Jobs’ leadership. However he was cleared the following year as the SEC found out he had no idea of the legal or accounting implications of the matter. The SEC only charged Apple’s former CFO and legal counsel with fraud. The scandal was significant in the sense that it raised the issue of Apple’s future without Steve Jobs... But the main occasion this issue was raised was not the SEC investigation, it was unfortunately after Steve’s health problems.
In late 2003, Steve was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. Fortunately, his tumor was not of the deadly type: Steve would be saved if he agreed to have surgery. But he didn’t, and for nine long months, followed a special type of diet that he thought would cure him from the disease. It was only in August 2004 that he agreed to have the surgery. Everybody thought the troubles were over, as he claimed he was “cured”. Of course there is no such thing as being cured from cancer, and in 2008, people started commenting heavily on Steve’s being increasingly thinner. Although he and Apple kept on denying any serious problem, in December 2008, they announced to everyone’s surprise that the CEO would not go on stage for the last Macworld keynote in history in January 2009. Steve Jobs took six months off (the first half of 2009), as he was awaiting a liver transplant — which he got in April 2009. The whole story of Steve’s cancer raised many a discussion about a public company’s necessary transparency regarding its CEO’s health, especially when that CEO is as essential to its market value as Steve Jobs is to Apple’s.
2010 has seen the incredible rebirth of Steve Jobs as a very active CEO. In sharp contrast with 2009, he came back on stage for many Apple events that year, and surprised the world many times over with insanely great new Apple products. The biggest announcement of all was undeniably iPad, Apple’s iOS-based tablet, which Steve unveiled on January 27, 2010. At the industry conference D8 in June 2010, Steve Jobs clearly stated that in his opinion, iPad had started the post-PC era, and that PCs would eventually become “like trucks”, a marginal part of a market dominated by portable tablets... If this comes true, this one man Steve Jobs will have played a crucial part in both giving birth and putting an end to the personal computer industry.

Conclusion

Steve Jobs is undeniably an extraordinary man by any standard. He has left his mark on no less than five industries: personal computers with Apple II and Macintosh, music with iPod and iTunes, phone with iPhone, and animation with Pixar. The middle-class hippie kid with no college education that he was built a computer empire and became a multi-millionaire in a few years, was fired from his own company before coming back a decade later to save it and turn it into one of the world’s most influential corporations, with millions of fans around the world. He has also contributed to the creation of the new leader in animated movies for decades to come. He has been called a fluke for years, but is now widely acknowledged as one the world’s most eminent business executives and an unrivaled visionary. He has changed millions of lives by making technology easy-to-use, exciting and beautiful.… And you know what the best part is? He’s not done yet.